含水丸，也称为利尿剂，是设计用于减少体内水和钠的药物。They are used for a variety of conditions, including swelling due to fluid build-up, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, glaucoma and certain kidney or liver diseases5. Three main types of water pills are available: thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics and potassium-sparing diuretics. Although the mechanisms by which they work are different, the three types have several side effects in common, as well as some unique side effects.

Increased Urination and Excessive Fluid Loss

One of the most common side effects of all diuretics is increased urination.It is particularly common in people taking loop diuretics, as these are the most powerful water pills. Increased urination may resolve over time, especially in people taking the other two types of diuretics. When urination is excessive, dehydration can occur. This may lead to low blood pressure with dizziness or lightheadedness, especially when standing up.When prolonged, dehydration can damage the kidneys.

Blood Levels of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride

命名不同种类的液体丸

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Diuretics can affect the amount of potassium, sodium and chloride in the bloodstream. Thiazide and loop diuretics often lower blood levels of potassium unless people consume extra amounts of potassium-rich foods.Low potassium can cause various symptoms, including leg cramps and weakness.随着他们的名字表明，钾盐利尿剂不会导致低钾，实际上可以增加钾水平。随着所有水丸减少体内钠的量，钠水平可能低于正常。血液中的氯化物水平可随着噻嗪类和环利尿剂减少，并用钾储蓄利尿剂增加。

Other Blood Test Results

Both thiazide and loop diuretics can cause blood sugar levels to increase, which may lead to the appearance of diabetes.Thiazide diuretics may increase blood levels of calcium and decrease levels of magnesium, while loop diuretics tend to decrease both calcium and magnesium levels in the blood.噻嗪类和环利尿剂可以增加尿酸的血液水平。Over time, this can lead to gout, a painful form of arthritis that typically develops in the joints of the toes and feet. Thiazide and loop diuretics can also increase cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.

其他副作用

Common Side Effects of Antihypertensives

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服用钾盐利尿剂的人可能会经历阳痿或减少性欲，因为这些药物具有抗雄激素效应。有些男人还开发乳房扩大。服用这些利尿剂的前辈妇女可以体验月经不规则性，绝经后妇女可能会出现子宫出血。所有利尿剂可能导致某些人的腹部不适，恶心，呕吐或腹泻。潜在的危及危及胰腺炎的胰腺炎是一种可能的，但罕见的噻嗪和环路利尿剂的副作用。偶尔，噻嗪类利尿剂可以产生模糊的视力，环利用液可能导致耳朵中的振铃或降低的听力。所有利尿剂都可以与大量其他药物相互作用5.

审查由：Mary D. Daley，MD